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Sunday, October 2, 2022

Friction spinning method, main features, limitations, basic structure and working principle of friction spinning machine

 

What is friction spinning?

·       The friction spinning is a type of open-end spinning method of yarn spinning process. The yarn formation in the friction spinning takes place in the yarn forming zone consisting of two friction rollers with the help of frictional forces.

·       First of all, the fibres are converted into a strand of fibres and the fibres strand is kept almost equal to the final count of the yarn. Now, the twist is inserted to form the yarn.

·       In the case of open end friction spinning, the fibre supply is opened completely into individual fibres. These fully opened fibres are reassembled at the nip line of the two friction rollers to form a yarn.

·       As soon as each fibre reaches the nip line, it is twisted on the forming strand by the friction rollers.

·       Slivers are prepared for friction spinning in a similar way as those for rotor spinning but finer slivers are used in the friction spinning machine.

·       Up to 5 slivers are fed to the friction spinning machine.

·       Feeding channel is provided to convey the individualized fibres from an opening cylinder into the nip of the yarn forming zone.

·       The fibres are twisted together into a yarn, alongside a suction slit in the yarn forming zone generally formed by two friction rollers, in close proximity with each other and driven in the same direction.

·       The process is assisted by air suction through the roller perforations.

·        The resultant yarn is withdrawn from the nip of the friction rollers and wound on a package.

·        

Slivers are prepared for friction spinning in a similar way as those for rotor spinning, except that finer slivers are used. The fibre feeding device, the fibre transport device and the twisting device are the three main operating stages of friction spinning systems.

 



Main features of friction spinning:

The friction spinning system with low spinning tension is suitable for the production of yarn at high speeds up to 500 metres per minute.

This system produces multicomponent yarns from a wide range of different fibres for technical applications.

 

Limitations of friction spinning:

The friction spinning systems have many limitations which restrict their acceptance as a viable system for producing general-purpose yarns. The main limitations of the friction spinning method are given below:

·       The yarn spun on the friction spinning machine poses lower tensile strength.

·       The friction spinning machine produces relatively weak yarn due to poor fibre orientation.

·       The extent of poor fibre orientation and buckling is greater with longer and finer fibres in the friction spinning.

·       Due to quite high surface to core twist variation in the friction spinning, the friction spun yarn shows low tensile strength.

·       The count range in the friction spinning method is limited.  It is not possible to produce fine yarn.

·       The yarns spun on the friction spinning machine poses higher tendency of snarling.

·       In the friction spinning method, the unevenness and imperfections also increase due to higher production speed.

         

Principle of operation of friction spinning machine:

 

The friction-spinning system is based on the principle of open-end spinning, which consists of the following operations:

1- Sliver feeding system

2-  Fibres opening, drafting and individualization system   

3- Fibres reassembling and twist insertion system

4-  Yarn winding system

Sliver feeding, drafting and individualization system:

·       There are two methods of fibre feeding systems, 

· Vertical feeding system is used  in DREFII, DREF-III and DREF-2000 friction spinning machines. 

· The inclined fibre feeding system is used in the PSL Masterspinner and DREF-5 spinning machine.

·   Multiple slivers are fed vertically In the DREF-II and DREF-III friction spinning system,

· This method has been found to be suitable only for production of coarser yarns.

·       According to studies feeding the fibre stream at an oblique angle onto the drum is the best solution for production of finer yarns.

·  Some studies have also suggested that inclined fibre feed offers advantages such as better fibre length utilization as well as spinning of finer yarns. 

· The fibre feeding device also performs fibres individualization process. 

· An opening roller, pinned beater or carding drum is used for fibre to fibre individualization. 

· The fibre feeding device also performs fibre drafting process.  

· The carding drum or opening rollers are covered with saw tooth wire clothing.







 Fibre transport system: 

· The fibre transport device feeds the individualized fibres into the yarn forming zone. 

· The individualized fibres are transferred by air flow through the transport channel and deposited in the nip of the friction rollers. 

·There are two modes of fibre feed, namely vertical feed and inclined fibre feed. DREF-2 and DREF-3 have vertical feed systems. 

· The fibres are fed at right angles to the yarn axis. 

·The Masterspinner employs an inclined fibre feed known as the backward-feed system

· The DREF-5 has an inclined fibre feed known as the forward-feed system. 



  Twist insertion system:

·       The twisting device consists of two friction rollers with surface motion in opposite directions.

·       The motion of the friction rollers twists the fibre assembly and strengthens it.

·       The resulting ‘twist potential’ does not correspond to the ratio of yarn diameter to friction roller diameter, as about 80–90% of it is lost through slipping.

·       The twist efficiency increases with increased air suction pressure.

·       However, the twist efficiency depends on many factors, including machine, process and raw materials parameters. 

·       For a stable spinning process, the frictional forces acting between the yarn surface and the two rotating friction rollers should be, as far as possible, equal in value.

·       The design and adjustment of friction rollers have a considerable influence on yarn formation and ultimately on yarn.





Important design parameters of the friction rollers influencing yarn formation:

The important design parameters of the friction rollers that influence yarn formation are given below:

1- The shape, length and diameter of the friction rollers.

2- The use of one or two perforated rollers each with suction at the spin-line.

3- The hole size and percentage of perforations in the total roller surface.

4- The finish of the friction roller surface.

5- The adjustment of the suction cover plates.

6- The stiffness and frictional properties of the rubber coating of the solid friction roller when used with one perforated friction roller.

Important process parameters that influence yarn formation and twisting efficiency:

The important process parameters that influence yarn formation and twisting efficiency are given below:

·       The air suction pressure

·       The dimensions and geometry of the nip between the friction rollers

·       The ratio of the friction roller surface speed to the yarn-take-off speed

·       The ratio of the rotating speeds of the two friction rollers

·       The direction of rotation when only one suction roller is used

·       The fibre-feeding device

·       The gap between the friction rollers

·       The direction of yarn take-off

Yarn winding system:

The produced yarn is finally wound on the yarn package. A cross wound yarn package results in the winding. A suitable yarn winding attachment is fitted at the end of the machine to perform the winding process.

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